The basic structure of the building seemed to derive from its destroyed predecessor, the Palais de l'Industrie of the 1855 exposition universelle. You pass before the Quai des Nations on you way back to the Alexander Bridge and Les Invalides. Edouard Lockroy, who had played a key role in the 1889 exposition, pointed out that "the masses come to these fairs to see something new and amuse themselves, The fair has become a festival. René Lalique displayed with sumptuously decadent jewelry in the decorative arts display. Auguste Rodin was no stranger to the Parisian universal expositions. As a force, electricity deserved a statement every bit as direct and powerful as Rodin's treatment of the power of thought. The social and technological idealism were there in 1900; but the fervor, the intensity of conviction, were nowhere near the level they were during the first four universal expositions. ", "You can't tell if she's standing or sitting! Even those critics who were on principle opposed to lavish exterior ornamentation had to admit that the Petit Palais was a gem of its kind. But the plaster of Paris Parisienne endured until November, when she was crumbled to powder beneath the wrecker's hammer. Aug 17, 2012 - "The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from April 15 to November 12, 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. The planet itself seemed less impressive, in its old-fashioned, deliberate, annual or daily revolution, than this huge wheel, revolving within arm's-length at some vertiginous speed, and barely murmuring -- scarcely humming an audible warning to stand a hair's-breath further for respect of power -- while it would not wake the baby lying close against its frame. The Art Nouveau Pavilion Blue at the foot of the Eiffel Tower; René Dulong, architect and Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, decorater. Prize Medal Awarded to Bart van Hove at the Exposition Universelle in Paris Prize Medal Prize Medal, awarded to Bart van Hove at the international world exhibition in Paris, 1900, Bronze Medal. Imagine that you are one of the 60,000 visitors per hour that pass through the turnstile of the Porte Monumentale in the lovely Parisian summer of the years 1900 — the first summer of the twentieth century. But, as has ever been the case with the Parisian expositions, the most daring artist held his exhibit outside the fairgrounds. What imp of the grotesque prompted them to erect this potbellied monstrosity twenty-two years ago! The gold of visitors from every part of the globe will fill the stocking of Jacques Bonhomme."2. The exhibition fields in Exposition Universelle 1900 had now grown to entire cities of pavilions, halls and buildings. 17. Gauguin and Seurat each had one canvas in the show. He was determined to draw out the lesson of electricity — draw it out from the overwhelming size and number of exposition exhibits. Item NU 17916 Medal - Exposition Universelle, Bronze Prize, Paris, France, 1900 Summary Paris International Exhibition Prize medal awarded to J. Vergez & Son in 1900. Figaro Illustré, L'Exposition de 1900, numbers 110-128 (Paris, 1900). About this Item. Paris : se, 1900. Along with Roty, Chaplain was one of the foremost French medallists. She should have been the epitome of symbolic exposition art, the most apt sculpture of the entire event. Their military and industrial successes would be made to eclipse the triumphs of French culture. Bergeret, Gaston. Paris 1900. The provinces would once again have to resign themselves to serving as victualers to a Parisian exposition. Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Paris, 1900 La Belle Epoque: Page [1] ... Trocadero, Exposition Universal, 1900 : Grand entrance, 1900. Architects were given complete freedom to design in any style, and on almost any area of the expanded fairgrounds. She had shown the world that Paris was the queen city of expositions; that French engineering genius was second to none; and that, even without the official participation of other nations, the allurements and advantages of a world's fair in Paris were so great that few established or aspiring manufacturers could afford to stay away. Attendance was much lower than expected and Paris lost ₣82.000 (francs), and many who had invested money into the Exposition completely lost their investments. All are exquisite miniatures built of light colored stone, highly regular in their overall floorplans, delicately exuberant. An interesting contrast between Henry Adams's reaction and the attitude toward technology today (2015): Top Officials: Alfred Picard, Commissioner General, Adams, Henry. The Revue des Arts Décoratifs, which championed the cause of art nouveau, grudgingly admitted that "here, at least, French grace has triumphed." Of the three world’s fairs to be held in Paris later, two were theme expositions — decorative arts and colonial possessions — and the third, significantly, was called an "international" exposition. (1901) //lccn.loc.gov/01026686 exposition universelle internationale de 1900 (paris, france) 112 works Search for books with subject exposition universelle internationale de 1900 (paris, france). Prize Medal Awarded to Bart van Hove at the Exposition Universelle in Paris Prize Medal Prize Medal, awarded to Bart van Hove at the international world exhibition in Paris, 1900, Bronze Medal. By the end of the exposition, France could congratulate herself on having hosted the most successful exposition ever staged. A large number of exhibits harnessed electricity for the purposes of fostering illusion. Vol. The Baron de Coubertin believed that this would help public awareness of the Olympics and submitted elaborate plans to rebuild the ancient site of Olympia, complete with statues, temples, stadia and gymnasia. Vogüé, Eugène-Melchior de. It proceeds by an overwhelming of the senses, and not by inducing transcendence in the viewer. This medal was issued on the occasion of the 'Exposition Universelle Internationale' in Paris in 1900 and is made by Jules Clément Chaplain (1839-1909) in France. The Universal Exposition of Paris in 1900 was the fifth fair of its kind held in the French capital after the 1855, 1867, 1878 and 1889 fairs. For a steadier experience, visitors could enter the "Tour of the World," located at the base of the Eiffel Tower. Virtually every nation of the world condemned the French nation for what seemed like a blatantly anti-Semitic act. Most of the major exposition buildings — such as the Palace of Textiles, the Palace of Education and the Petit Palais — were Traditionalist: domed and pillared, heavily embroidered with Greek, Roman, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo motifs, crowned with allegorical sculptures. But Alfred Picard, head of the exposition committee, was even better prepared. As soon as it became known that the Exposition Committee was thinking about a centerpiece for the 1900 fair, officials were deluged with bizarre proposals, most of which suggested transforming the Eiffel Tower itself. The 1900 exposition boasted a number of significant firsts: the first exposition display of x-ray machines, wireless telegraphy, automat food service, and sound-synchronized movies. Museum Number A.81-1978. And the exposition planning committees themselves came to feel more and more that the primary standard for success was the bottom line of the ledger book when the expositions closed their gates. Tunisia and Algeria are here in their Arabesque pavilions, but you have tired of the allurements of colonial riches. But as a statement of the social, intellectual, and artistic values, the vista symbolizes the primacy of traditional values over the new world of technology promised by the Eiffel tower. Long lines of admirers came to appreciate and pay tribute to the man who had successfully defied the skeptics and achieved renown. came the cry. Paris 1900: The Great World's Fair (Toronto, 1967). Terrell writes about the context of Du Bois's contributions to the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle and how his … Front: flying angel with a laurel wreath and olive branch in her right hand, sitting on her back with a man with apron and bare torso holding a torch in his left hand. The Paris World's Fair of 1900 (also known as The Exposition Universelle) was held in Paris between 15 April and 12 November. There was an immense area given over to automotive exhibits, and even a section devoted to "flying machines." Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1891. After much deliberation, however, the 1900 committee could come up with nothing to surpass the Eiffel Tower. Year 1900; Gustav Mahler with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (VPO) in Paris (1900); Gustav Mahler himself in Paris (1900, 1907, 1909, 1910 and 1911) The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world’s fair held in Paris, France, from 14-04-1900l to 12-11-1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. 5 Frederic Mayer, The Parisian Dream City (St. Louis, 1900), n.p. Originally commissioned for the Museum of Decorative Arts, The Gate of Hell had expanded into an immense autobiographical sketchpad. Over 180 figures seethed across its surface. Peace reigns, Progress offers fresh fulfillments, nascent hopes. The decorative style of every pavilion of art or industry, French or foreign, celebrated the culmination of past traditions. Find your thing. A moving sidewalk and an electric railcar running along the sidewalk became popular. Hello Select your address Best Sellers Prime Video Help New Releases Books Gift Ideas Gift Cards & Top Up Electronics Pantry Home & Garden Sell PC Free Delivery Shopper Toolkit 1900 Paris, II Summer Olympics: 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle Internationale medal, in bronze, designed by J.C.Chaplain, 64 mm diameter. A low-relief depiction of Paris is visible in the background. 20,777 mayors, from virtually every village, town, or city in France, sat down together to feast and toast the exposition. (Thomas Benedict), 1848-1931. Ministère du commerce, de l'industrie, des postes et des télégraphes What he found was more than education and entertainment: it was a statement of "moral force." Adams felt the power of the motive force that gave energy and life to the exposition. Geddes, Patrick. As he grew accustomed to the great gallery of machines, he began to feel the forty-foot dynamos as a moral force, much as early Christians felt the Cross. Following the decree of 1892, though, their objections took a different turn: "The universal expositions are ruining the provinces!" — Le bilan d'un siècle (1801-1900), 6 volumes (Paris, 1906). Attributed to J.DIETHELM (Germany at Guelden Boden), for food products from animals origin. The Teutons could come if they wished. Report of the Commissioner-General for the United States to the International Universal Exposition, Paris, 1900, 6 volumes (Washington, D.C., 1901). For most, the exposition was a grand amusement park. Service was provided by waiters in automobiles that rattled up and down the aisles bearing choice wines and deftly-prepared dishes. "No visitor to the exposition neglects to visit this admirable palace," wrote Louis Rousselet, "And when one leaves it, he only regrets that within a few months its marvelous collection must be dispersed once again to the four corners of France. After the defeat of the French at the hands of the rising German Empire in 1871, La France did not deign to invite the new nation to the expositions of 1878 or 1889. But fear of fire — there had been a tragic calamity in a movie house only several months before — caused this most innovative exhibit to be closed after only a few days. This was the height of the Belle Époque, a period of peace and prosperity in France when fine art, fashion, and entertainment flourished as never before. The 1900 Paris Exposition was a huge success in every manner except financially. Automobiles.. A series of articles about Automobiles that were shown at the Paris Exhibition. The answer provides the key to the critical paradoxes of the entire exposition. Après faillite: Souvenirs de l'Exposition de 1900 (Paris, 1902). Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 à Paris: Actes organiques (Paris, June, 1896). Author Exposition universelle internationale de 1900 (Paris, France) Published 1900 The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from April 15 to November 12, 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. While Germany and the United States were experiencing remarkable developments through heavy industries, France was demonstrating its superiority in the fields of high-class … Plaster cast version of Rodin's "Gates of Hell". Held from 15 April to 12 November, it was a celebration of the past century’s achievements and the potential for their further development into the next. At the 1900 exposition, this authoritative garb of the industrial buildings shows a new kind of respect for the achievements of technology. • Millions of unique designs by independent artists. 3 Many, many books have been written about the Dreyfus affair, so quickly summed up here. Not everyone was pleased by the admission of the "radicals" into the hallowed circle of officially-accepted art. They realized that the country which hosted the exposition at the threshold of the new century would be the interpreter of the entire nineteenth century to the world. The spaciousness inside the building was indeed impressive. The total area of the fairgrounds made the 1900 exposition universelle the most extensive in history — 543 acres in all. Copper Antique Stereoscope Stereo Viewer - Unmarked and Unlabeled - AS IS. The decorative style of the exhibition later became known as Art Nouveau. Weary of walking now, you pay for a ride on the Seine in a gaily bedecked bateau mouche, venerable survivor from the 1867 Exposition Universelle. "The shame of France lies in that room!"14. "… "Stop the shouting," Monsieur Picard replies, "You will have most of the money that will be spent in Paris. Otherwise, successful entrants in the design competition could do what they wished. If, for any reason, the Palace of Electricity comes to a halt, the entire exposition comes to a standstill.18, The Palace of Electricity and Water Chateau (Click the image for a lightbox view). You stand amazed as musicians and jugglers stroll the streets, food vendors clad in period costume hawk meat pies and mead, knights battle with wooden swords, and an Esmeralda dances with her goat as Quasimodo looks down from his plaster Notre Dame. The effects of the Dreyfus case touched every phase of French social and political life. Art Nouveau, however lovely, proved to be a style for the rich. Mayer, Frederic. The sole limit was the space assigned to each. Everyone expected to see the Olympians of French art on display -- David, Delacroix, Ingres, Meissonier. (1901) //lccn.loc.gov/01026686 Du Bois compiled a series of photographs for the "American Negro" exhibit at the 1900 Paris Exposition. Unknown Maker - There is no maker's mark, but there is an emblem on the top of the lens housing - The emblem says, "Exposition Universelle International 1900" and shows the image of a man with a torch being carried by an angel with wings, with a building in the background - Paris World's Fair. Thomas Benedict Clarke scrapbooks, 1880-1936, bulk, 1883-1920. Along with Roty, Chaplain was one of the foremost French medallists. Huge public ceremonies took place throughout the exposition. 68 and 69, 20 The Education of Henry Adams, Chapter 25. Elle se termine le 12 novembre, après 212 jours d'ouverture. But as soon as the stature was unveiled, the critics drubbed it mercilessly. Les industries d'art à l'Exposition universelle de 1900 (Paris: 1902). 750 x 600 (preview) 327 x auto (thumbnail) auto x 125 (postagestamp) 1000 x 1000 (image for download) View PDF. Traditional works predominated in the Décennale; but there were a number of striking Symbolist paintings that showed where academic realism was headed. But when the exposition opened its gates on April 14, not all critics agreed that the most ambitious fair was the best. But, in one respect, traditionalist builders stood on surer ground than their art nouveau contemporaries who yearned for novelty in their bizarre pavilions. With her aggressive, jutting and strutting posture, La Parisienne seemed all wrong, an assertion instead of a song. But instead, the power of electricity was given a cabaret setting — made to sparkle and shimmer, arrayed like La Parisienne in jewel-encrusted robes. The most exquisite woman appareled by the best artist of the robe, set atop the entranceway to the greatest international exposition in the history of the human race. Report of the commissioner-general for the United States to the International universal exposition, Paris, 1900 … February 28, 1901. Strange to say, the 100 year retrospective was much more forward-looking than the exhibit of recent art. Lockroy's sentiments accurately prophesied the pervading spirit of the 1900 exposition. Both the Eiffel Tower and Dutert's Palace of Machines stood on the exposition grounds as silent testaments to the truth of Vogué's remarks. As an opportunity to conclude the 19th century and to demonstrate views in anticipation for the 20th century, the international exposition of 1900 was the largest and most flamboyant yet held in Paris. The Universal Exposition of Paris in 1900 was the fifth fair of its kind held in the French capital after the 1855, 1867, 1878 and 1889 fairs. Moreau-Vauthier started by choosing the Sarah Bernhardt as the his model. A number of less spectacular ideas were approved as "triumphs" for the exposition: the completion of the Pont Alexandre, perhaps the loveliest bridge in Paris; the construction of two permanent fine arts buildings, the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais; a ferris wheel; a Street of Nations along the banks of the Seine; the opening of the new Metropolitan underground railway and the mammoth Gare d'Orsay. In 1892, rumors began to circulate that Germany planned to host an exposition in 1900. In the end, the Committee settled for applying a fresh coat of golden-yellow paint to the spike of the 1889 exposition, and turned its attention to more reasonable alternatives. : Historical dictionary of world's fairs and expositions, 1851-1988 (Greenwood Press, 1990) To use this aristocratic vocabulary in housing industrial exhibits was to include them in this exalted rank — the rank of Art and Empire. Why did The Thinker succeed where the Parisienne failed? "8 In some respects, the entire exposition could be seen as a mammoth multi-sensual banquet, spread out for all the world to admire and enjoy. The Panama Canal venture, undertaken with such confidence, came to a ruinous end. And though the exposition itself had opened with a performance of Saint–Saens' Hymn to Victor Hugo, in the minds of many visitors, it was Rodin who represented the apex of French genius in the last century. implored Gérome. If the festival is not attractive, too bad for its organizers. And it is grand — if not quite so grand as the spike of the 1889 exposition. Since 1867, the balance between education and amusement at international expositions had been shifting ever more in the favor of amusement. "The exposition of 1900," the organizers of the fifth Parisian exposition universelle later wrote, "will define the philosophy and express the synthesis of the 19th century." You know how the argument goes: "This national activity is rushing to the nation's head while its limbs are withering. The Maréorama gave visitors such a convincing simulation of a seavoyage from Villefranche to Constantinople that many visitors got seasick from the rocking of the boat. The German government and press decided that their artists and industrialists would be better advised to make a splendid show in Chicago in 1893 and Paris in 1900 than to attempt to wrest the exposition away from the French. It looks ridiculous atop that hussy's head! The organization process started as early as 1892, and the fair ended up bei… Colonial exhibits were staged, not so much to show the usefulness of the colonies to France — this was taken for granted — but to give "civilized" visitors a chance to wander through a Dahomean hut or an Egyptian street in safety. Jullian, Philippe. Champier, Victor (editior). No other figure at the pavilion so clearly showed Rodin's special ability to make his own rules in presenting an elemental human force. Picard, Alfred. For her gown — a real divinity, he believed, must not be shown nude — Moreau-Vauthier turned to Paquin, the most celebrated couturier of Paris. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons. ", A Thomas A.Edison film of the 1900 exposition, 1 Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 à Paris: Actes organiques (Paris, June, 1896, page 1), 2 Quoted in Philippe Jullian, The Triumph of Art Nouveau, page 23-24. And so the exposition commission set out to amuse the millions. The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France, 1885 to World War I (New York, 1955). Vieux Paris was the product of the active imagination of Albert Robida, a man who made his fame publishing cartoons of the future: a tomorrowland of airships, microbe-killing sanitary devices, and a strangely changed human race. The Palace of Civil Engineering and Transportation, which housed some of the most innovative and influential industrial exhibits, was built in a flamboyant and eclectic style. Moreau–Vauthier had worked "following the formula," mixing in a little art-nouveau waves with a traditional, melodramatic pose and idealized modeling. "l'Art à l'Exposition de 1900," in Revue des deux Mondes, several essays, May-October, 1900. One entire structure, the pavilion of the Hamburg art dealer Samuel Bing, was designed with the fragile elegance of the new style. Participating nations could construct their national pavilions in any style, and display whatever they wished therein. All the major powers and many smaller nations — 47 in all — accepted invitations to participate. The traditional site, the Champ de Mars, would be used, as well as the Trocadero Hill, the Esplanade des Invalides, the area around the old Palais de l'Industrie, and the Seine riverfront land connecting these areas. Du Bois At the turn of the century, W. E. B. The painter Louis Dumoulin created a vast moving canvas of the sights of nature and indigenous cultures throughout the world. As much as we might admire the ferro–vitreous masterpieces of the 19th century, to contemporaries these buildings were associated with railway stations, greenhouses, and closed-in food malls. Exposition universelle de 1878 (Paris, France) Exposition universelle de Paris (1878) Exposition universelle de Paris. But Antonin Mercié's Gloria Victis won the palm, and Rodin was reduced to turning out ornamental decorations on the Trocadero fountain. Criticism was so vehement that there was even talk of removing the work before the exposition closed. Materials Compiled by W.E.B. Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1889 à Paris. Also, placed in front of the Electricity Pavilion, the main structure was the Fairy of Electricity, a statue studded with electric lights shimmering with colored lights, appealing to the eyes of the crowds. Gerald Ackermann cites it in his excellent monograph Jean-Léon Gérôme, and it is used as the lead quotation in Le Livre des Expositions Universelles, 1851-1989 (Paris, 1983), page 117. You try the American-style Ferris wheel — already purchased from the city of Paris by the city of Vienna — and pronounce it a whirling success. In his unending quest for understanding, the great American humanist Henry Adams visited the Exposition of 1900. Read, referred to the committee on printing, and ordered to be printed. Today it holds the Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, a planetarium, and the Palais de la Découverte. When the final count was taken, 419 members of the Chamber of Deputies voted in favor of the exposition, with 67 opposed. You ask the whereabouts of the sensational cinema pavilion, where Sarah Bernhardt's phonographed voice chants in synchrony with the crisp images projected by the newest 70mm motion picture camera. The exposition came to a successful end, with a number of visitors larger than that of the first London International Exposition. The American Pavilion (center) at the 1900 Exposition. Item NU 17916 Medal - Exposition Universelle, Bronze Prize, Paris, France, 1900 Summary Paris International Exhibition Prize medal awarded to J. Vergez & Son in 1900. For three years following the exposition of 1889, France gloried in her triumph. Every critic found something especially annoying about the lady of Paris: "The statue is too large for the Porte Binet. German reaction to the French announcement (and invitation) was mixed. He had searched for the meaning behind the exhibits devoted to automation, sound-synchronized film, x-rays and wireless telegraphy. Poster for the 1900 Paris Exposition. Speaking of himself in the detached third person, Adams felt: To Adams the dynamo became a symbol of infinity. The urge to reconcile Paris with the provinces gave rise to one of the most talked-about extravaganzas of the entire exposition: the Banquet of Mayors. At this opening fanfare for the twentieth century, Profit replaced Progress as the dominant motivating spirit behind the universal exposition. The Paris Universal Exposition, also known as the Paris Exposition, was a World's Fair held from April through November of 1900.. Its purpose was to celebrate the achievements of the past century and the coming of the new century. But alas — for fear of another tragic fire from exploded chemicals, the exposition committee ordered the pavilion closed after only as few showings in April. Paris herself had shown the world that the city was in the forefront of technological innovation. But by 1900, the old poses, even when treated with a dash of modernity, seemed hopelessly retrograde and didactic. Paris 1900 Universal Exposition Palais du Costume poster stamp/label. The time between the expositions of 1889 and 1900 was an era of economic prosperity punctuated by a series of political crises. Atop her head is a crown in the shape of the symbolic ship of the city of Paris. The Parisian Dream City (St. Louis, 1900). But no: this facade of hippogryphs and kaleidoscopic embroidery housed the power of the exposition: This enchanted palace contains the living, active soul of the Exposition, providing it with movement and light. Why must the exposition always take place in Paris? The very name — "little palace" — conjures up the precise mood that the architect wants to evoke: elegance, tradition, condensed richness. "The Pursuit of Happiness" by Georges Rochegrosse, "The Descent into the Abyss" by Henri Martin were the favorites of the Décennale; and each showed that the realistic, narrative tradition of French painting was far from exhausted. The Paris Exhibition, 1900 David Croal Thomson , Herbert E. Butler , Ernest G. Halton Art Journal , 1901 - Exposition universelle internationale de 1900 - 374 pages Medal, bronze, Exposition Universelle Internationale, Paris 1900, by Jules Clément Chaplain, France, ca. You are sure that he has not recovered from the Panama Canal scandal. It is as if a giant were flexing his muscles, stiffening his arms and making a tremendous effort to raise a simple head-dress of lace above his head!" Vintage French poster advertising the International Exposition held during 1900 in Paris, France. Traditionalist builders were at least carrying on the aesthetic authority of thousands of years of religious and civic architecture. Or, as one observer put it, "There is a sense of restfulness in these quiet precincts that attracts the visitor unconsciously thither, and induces him to come again from day to day out of the wearying whirl of multitudinous sight-seeing." You turn with relief from the leering skulls at the Dahomey hut, cross over the Jena Bridge and gaze up the sweeping height of Gustave Eiffel's crowning achievement for the 1889 exhibition. It started on April 14th with an opening ceremony and closed its doors in November, putting Paris at the center of the world stage. Column Top: Image of a panaramic view of Paris 1900 exposition, Lucien Baviac, 1900… Yet, in spite of all the statistical triumphs, the exposition of 1900 marks the end of an era. Year 1900; Gustav Mahler with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (VPO) in Paris (1900); Gustav Mahler himself in Paris (1900, 1907, 1909, 1910 and 1911) The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world’s fair held in Paris, France, from 14-04-1900l to 12-11-1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. While Germany and the United States were experiencing remarkable developments through heavy industries, France was demonstrating its superiority in the fields of high-class handicrafts and decorative arts, leading to the subsequent rise of art nouveau. 9 Revue des deux Mondes, November 15, 1900. Art Nouveau, however, offered no better solution to the problem. Attendance was much lower than expected and Paris lost ₣82.000 (francs), and many who had invested money into the Exposition completely lost their investments. He merely smiles. "The Closing Exhibition — Paris 1900," in The Contemporary Review, November, 1900, pages 653-668. 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