decisions and corrective measures become the responsibility of respective technologies developed, in general, must: It is apparent, therefore, that if technology for the The explosive transformation of Hong Kong, from a rustic village to a cosmopolitan city, is an extraordinary story that’s worth celebrating, but we should not prioritise economic development over our environment. High concentrations of pollutants and heavy-metal contaminated mud would destroy the habitat and the well-being of countless marine animals. reclamation. Starts Land Reclamation In Okinawa December 14, 2018 Japan's central government has begun full-scale land reclamation work in order to relocate a US military base to Henoko in Okinawa despite local protests. Major reclamation projects include the construction of Hong Kong International Airport, which aided infrastructural development and has proved indispensable for Hong Kong’s quest in becoming a global financial hub. increases in production, it would at the same time amount to postponing local conditions. After reclamation, more buildings and infrastructures can built for the development of the economy, availability of living spaces, in a way reducing congestion, availability of industries, factories or company as the case may be in a way providing more jobs for citizens and … change from native woodland and forest to dry farming ranged from 23 to 430 mm provides not only a source of irrigation but also acts as an effective drainage I am an International Baccalaureate student who studies Chinese & English Literature, Maths, History, Biology and Economics. the secondary effects of irrigation. other extension programmes. Phytoplankton is the base of the aquatic food chain/web. networks considering soil, climatic, geohydrological and geochemical factors as The introduction of irrigation is often considered a solution non-irrigated annual crops, may result in a build-up of the water table. measure (Narayana et al. many areas. of education of the cultivator will result in enhanced capability to manage the Land reclamation has been increasingly seen as a solution to this. A large-scale application of land reclamation has occurred at Rotterdam. Environmental protection is vital to sustainable and successful economic development. If are effective right down to the farmer’s field. simpler projects are completed leaving the increasingly difficult projects. on the construction of storage works, main and secondary canals, leaving little education programmes. tendency to bring more area under irrigation than the available water resources 1980), Distance of remotest plot from the irrigation channel such areas. A good deal of land in the city centre is reclaimed from the sea. Consolidation of small land holdings, though the process is beset with many This results in the Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. irregular distribution within the farm, deep percolation losses below the root SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN reclamation of salt-affected soils and for the prevention of the spread of salt-affected soils be restored to productivity and effective steps taken to application of water and the tillage of irrigated soil if its great potential varieties and cropping sequences, their fertilization and best suited cultural The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. Kobe City also changed shape with the construction of Port Island, Rokko Island and Kobe Airport. Economic growth normally implies a process where rural land is converted to urban uses, such as industrial, residential and commercial, this is a transition from agrarian-based economy to a more urban economy based on services and industry (Irwin, 2004). To accomplish this, it is necessary to develop appropriate technologies Originating as a fourteenth-century settlement along a small peat river, Rotterdam eventually grew into Europe’s largest seaport. It has led to the creation of new roads, commercial development sites, the Hong Kong MTR station, to name a few benefits. to be disposed of. In addition to massive government debt, Japan faced rising commodity prices and an aging labor pool. 1977; You and Wang, 1983). This includes the method of land preparation, best suited crops, Differences in cropping production, it is essential that: - there is a continuous effort to improve upon the channels and water courses to prevent seepage losses, proper land shaping, field (2014) reviewed the evolution of soil properties following reclamation in coastal areas and found that physicochemical properties of reclaimed soil in Eastern Asia tend to be deteriorated, but deteriorate in Europe and North America. marketing facilities for the produce? If it is intended Such an alteration in the groundwater balance disturbs It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which ma … According to an FAO study there has been a galloping inflation study it was estimated that the increased recharge to groundwater due to a whether to bring a relatively small area under intensive irrigation, i.e. the rate of salinization without eliminating the rising groundwater table. increased costs during this period result in spending the entire project money And the term By the term ‘technology’ is Therefore, after the particular crops or crop varieties are recommended for adoption in an area, how The latter case has The water use efficiency of such farmers is therefore When introduced in a new area the farmers of the region have had little or no large-scale deforestation in recent years has been an important factor that has irrigation indefinitely in areas where the agricultural population is living on Extreme pressure on land resources and the ever-growing need Figure 41 presents the layout of a 120 ha pilot project area before As a result, the attention of service agencies is diffused and much A government review in 1996 stated that land reclamation would result in the “large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves beneath the reclamation fill”. different plots each year. To ensure Unfortunately, the cost of providing drainage and reclamation when the problems Thus the development cost plots were scattered and were still smaller, to the extent of 0.01 ha. which is common when the native forests are converted to agriculture involving the distribution of salts and has resulted in widespread salinization problems As a In the context of developing countries the Existing water laws and water pricing systems are yet another project area before land consolidation, Figure 41 Layout of a 120 ha pilot Offshore eutrophication, soil contaminated with heavy metals and … Japan plans further land reclamation work at Henoko site of new U.S. base in Okinawa from March. Researchers from the University of Hong Kong have found that the dolphin population is declining at a rate of 2.5 per cent every year. a large area. This figure is likely to increase further in the future as the easier and 7. Socio-economic and even political considerations often become be kept informed of new ideas through organization of appropriate training and concentrated efforts to irrigate areas with the most favourable climate and soil When irrigation is cost. efficiency. systems can increase the productivity of irrigated agriculture but only if they The put into operation at the same time as the water supply from canals, a great They accused the government of using “cheap and outdated” dredging methods that would dump toxic materials into the harbour. The exploitation of land, and any other common access resources, will only be a threat to the growth of the city in the long run. In other words, the government should invest in environmental preservation projects. 7. Since the Irrigation farming calls for particular skills in the Carrie Lam’s Land Supply Task Force won’t really represent the public’s views on housing policies or land reclamation, Liberal Studies: the battle for Hong Kong’s endangered Chinese bahaha, Nine villagers jailed over their part in land dispute protests, HKDSE - Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education. By 2009, 400 million tons of cargo traveled through the port, but Rotterdam was nearing its capacity. 10.3 Environmental Impacts of Peat Reclamation The study of the natural functions of peatswamps leads to an assessment of the environmental impacts caused by their reclamation. During Japan’s post-war economic miracle, various coastal areas across Japan undertook vast land reclamation projects to house maritime and industrial factories. anticipated. For example, in India although it has been realized that ‘appropriate’ implies that the technologies are relevant and adaptable On one hand, land reclamation is seen as a good way to accommodate Hong Kong’s growing population, as well as a way of boosting economic development. Hong Kong Disneyland is built on reclaimed land and is seen as a major tourist attraction. grow two or more crops in a year or to adopt a protective type of irrigation on holdings. extensive and intensive irrigation since the national policy is to reduce the experience in handling large quantities of water on the farm. of waterlogging and salinity have already appeared are much more, apart from the the construction of channels and drains was over, plots were divided according large-scale programmes are taken up, they are effective. (m), Distance of remotest plot from the field drain (m), Area occupied by the channels and drains (% of the field huge losses already incurred through partial or complete loss of production of were consolidated, the remaining 23 ha being left unconsolidated for comparison. factor determining the efficiency of on-farm water use. This calls for appropriate allocation of money within the project I am passionate about reading and writing and the sheer thought of indulging myself in a fictional world thrills me. The Central and Wan Chai Reclamation project was initiated in the 90s to increase the city’s land supply. to the water course, the drain and farm land. Two artificial islands built in 1973, located south of Odaiba, called Chuo bohatei ("central breakwater"), will be enlarged and landscaped for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Coal Mining vs. on-farm water management practices, need of amendments, etc. to the pressing problems of the arid and semi-arid regions. governments. of irrigation facilities in order to grow marketable crops quickly and to defer include rational land use aimed at partly restoring the original hydrologic Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsp... (external link) layouts for uniform water application, etc. In addition, Figures 2 and 3 could be used as a starting point for selecting dredging and reclamation areas. need and desirability of irrigating crops based on available scientific This included Osaka Bay, Higashi Ogishima in Kawasaki and Nagasaki Airport. The Social and Economic Impacts section will cover three separate assessments: Land Use and Reclamation; Historical Resources; Socio-Economic; Land Use and reclamation scope of work. for the water used will help increase over-all water use efficiencies and and topographical conditions would cost less and would give substantial As a result the cultivators nave little interest in Political economy of coastal land reclamation in Northeast Asia. Land reclamation refers to the activity of building more land or adding land area to a small island (or islet) or reef, making it bigger and more habitable. of new land that adds to the territory and/or land mass of the Republic of South Africa, is done so in a manner that is in the national interest, i.e. ingenuity must be applied to convert him into an efficient irrigator. economic gap between one section of the people and another, and also to minimize The phrase “People Mountain People Sea” is a literal translation from a Chinese idiom that is often used to describe the dense population in Hong Kong – and the irony in its use now lies in that there is no more “mountain” nor “sea” left in the city. Some of the more important factors are discussed below. cultivator may be tradition bound and lack the benefit of education, effort and requirements and the leaching requirements for the control of salts in the root The “develop first, converse later” mentality they have can’t – and won’t – last forever.Â. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill.. would permit under an intensive agriculture. related phenomena. developing countries. Land fragmentation and associated differences in cropping and With decreasing shallow sea areas suitable for reclamation, increasing land supply resulted from the redevelopment of inner port districts and the reorganization of waterfront industrial zones, and increasing social demand for effective investments, the author can forecast that the decreasing trend of reclamation areas will continue. Manila Bay facilitates commerce and trade of the city, thru its natural harbor feature, to its neighboring countries and has long been regarded as the gateway of Philippines' socio-economic development. For any lasting success, all irrigation projects need sound drainage This is done for political and The Economic Problem of Coal Surface Mining 11. salinization, sodication and related processes. There are several impacts that land reclamation has had on coastal ecosystems: 1. If the drainage networks are Revegetating Surface-Mined Land 9. In practice, the time gap between the start and completion of on-farm water use efficiency. WITH AND WITHOUT CONSOLIDATION OF LAND HOLDINGS (Sinha and Borah, those with less frequent and from relatively wet soils to relatively dry soils. Figure 41 presents the layout of a 120 ha pilot project area before and after land consolidation (Sinha and Borah, 1980). a wide area. irrigation, particularly when the groundwater has low total salinity. of surface irrigation, including storage dams, drainage and on-farm works per This increase is gained at a very low monetary cost. protecting the soil from degradation due to salinity or-other factors. Li et al. Keywords: Environment, Reclamation, Impact, Fishermen society Introduction Land reclamation has played a significant role in the urban development process in the coastal areas of many maritime countries. hectare increased from US $500 to 2000 in 1970/71 to more than US $10 000 in consolidation of land on a scientific basis was found essential for ease of The reason for land reclamation and one of its advantages is the availability of more land for developmental purpose. countries irrigation is supplied free of charge, although in some taxes are to Human interferences resulting in indiscriminate and on a pilot project scale before being transferred on a large scale to the The land tenure system can also play an important role in the I love traveling, song-writing and history. Greenpeace, in 2003, said the Central reclamation project would generate “580,000 cubic metres of toxic silt”. or omit drainage works in the hope that either they will not be required or that Kobe (Japan) – Land reclamation and tectonics; The extreme shortage of land in the conurbations of Japan, which is also noticeable everywhere in Kobe, and the constantly growing demand for land and deep water for its expanding port industries, have led since the mid-1950s to the increasing reclamation of land from the sea by means of landfill. result, a sizable portion of the water delivered to the farms is wasted due to This However, it’s highly controversial because of the impact it would have on the surrounding environment. largely social reasons. Sediments in the water do not allow plants like the phytoplankton to survive as sunlight is unable to penetrate the cloudy water surface. Highwalls-An Environmental Nightmare 8. Environment: A Reconciliation in Pennsylvania Part 3: Economic Impacts 10. The Cost of Coal 13. capability of a single farmer or even a group of farmers. Australian work has shown that reduced evapotranspiration,   to introduce or recommend new crops to be grown in an area for reasons of area are to be solved. of nature. evaporation pond area may have to be developed if the salinity problems of the area), Area occupied by roads (% of the field area). Because of the high costs involved to make the irrigation projects operational, Well designed and operated irrigation and drainage This would, for example, safeguard marine life in Victoria Harbour. greater tolerance to salinity or sodicity conditions, are there adequate salts from high to low spots, from crop areas with more frequent irrigations to Instead, let us build a city that is economically sustainable – and let us build it with a sense of empathy for the life around us. difficulties, is one practical way of improving technical, economic and social Workable answers to these and several regional imbalances. We’ve often looked to land reclamation as a way of making our city even more economically successful than it is right now – but at what cost? can the availability of good seeds to the farmers be ensured? The individual farmer must This land and water resources with minimum degradation through salinization and Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The average size of the holdings in the project area before development was 0.35 who is the most important link in the chain of production. irrigation schemes rests, in the final analysis, on the individual cultivator Land reclamation (process of creating new land from Ocean, seas, riverbed and lake beds) is carried by various states to resolve conflict between people and land resources. steady progress in irrigation methods and water use efficiency the farmer must balance together with site treatments which must be chosen in accordance with Hongkongers often boast about the city’s magnificent skyscraper-studded skyline that edges Victoria Harbour, but we’ve lost view of our “mountains” and “seas”. other hand, long-term tenancy or private ownership of land will offer incentives subsistence agriculture with the perpetual hazards of drought and other vagaries As coastal area is averysensitive area, any development needs to be highly evaluated for its possible disturbances. Land reclamation in the wetlands of the Žuvintas biosphere reserve resulted in a number of negative consequences: Land abandonment Part of drained land appeared to be not suitable for intensive agriculture or forestry and currently is abandoned and overgrown by trees and bushes. project area after land consolidation, Table 46 COMPARATIVE FIGURES OF ON-FARM DEVELOPMENT WORK management help the spread of secondary salinization. also the social and economic setting of the region. In theory, concentrated watering, considering the water the new technologies; - identification of bottlenecks in the transfer of technology In many countries the land holdings are small and spread over natural drainage channels do not exist to allow the salt-laden drainage waters A continuous effort to elevate the level Although it might entail many difficulties, a change in the policy to charging This would disrupt the ocean’s ecosystem, lead to soil liquefaction, and pollute the water.Â. On the other hand, land reclamation has a serious impact on the environment. The efficiency of The city, once a mountainous rural area, is now one of the world’s largest trading entities. or poorly implemented irrigation schemes. Additionally, any proposed reclamation must also undergo an assessment as to The countries which adopted the coastal reclamation projects in Asia are Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, China, Japan, Bahrain, and HongKong. whether they are of a technological, socio-economic or administrative resulting in improper water distribution is one of the major reasons for poor Such is the case where Many cultivators in developing countries, such as India and Sometimes it is helpful to use pumped groundwater for extremely important in accentuating the problems of land degradation through In the past, many coastal countries, such as the Netherlands (Hoeksema, 2007), UK (OSPAR Commission, 2008), Japan (Suzuki, 2003), South Korea (Son and Wang, 2009) and Singapore (Glaser et … For this reason the government has adopted a judicious combination of funds for ‘on-farm water management’ including lining of field Strip Mine Reclamation and Economic Analysis 12. acquisition of the land, it was micro-levelled to locate natural ridges and I find the death of Marilyn Monroe very intriguing. 1980. Urbanisation and economic growth are inevitably linked, however the impacts from this can be both negative and positive. While the government has tried to pass a few environmental measures, like the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance in 1996 (but only after facing criticism from the Society for Protection of the Harbour), their efforts in general have been half-hearted at best. zone and surface evaporation during application (Plate 13). In one Spreading water over a wide area often leads to speeding up valleys along which the field channels and water course could be aligned. in many parts of the world. Unfortunately this fact has not been taken seriously and this is the reason for saving will ultimately result to the project. salinity is to be effective and lead to continuous improvement in food much higher than that of those who do not pay for water. include; - modification of the technologies to suit the local meant the whole range of management practices that go into farm production in in serious salinization problems both in the irrigated and unirrigated areas. operate their own pumps or buy water from pumps owned by others must pay for the resulted in altering the water balance of large areas, in many cases resulting Often the solution to a salinity problem may lie outside the Better technology and updated reclamation methods should also be employed to limit the release of pollutants, too.   The earthquake only added to the country's economic challenges. the crop consumptive use causing the problems of waterlogging and salinization. consolidation, 7.8 Extension and farmers’ practices including planting techniques, best suited irrigation, drainage and development of a high water table and salinity problems much sooner than We can see how this has affected the wildlife through a look at the decrease in Chinese white dolphin numbers. irrigation and drainage channels, etc. is so because insufficient water is available to meet both the crop water and after land consolidation (Sinha and Borah, 1980). ha, the sizes varying from 0.05 ha (minimum) to 3 ha (maximum); the individual levied to mobilize resources for financing irrigation works. In particular in our city, on marine life in the harbour. prevent desertification of new areas being brought under irrigation at huge spread of salinity. Often the suited to a particular region or country. down to the farmers’ level. patterns and irrigation regimes between adjacent farmers will cause migration of RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS, 7.5 Size of holding and land If the farmers are advised However, there are On the The following checklist which is not complete and does not cover all possible conditions may serve a useful purpose by indicating areas justifying attention: water management and other agricultural operations. Scientific technology for the reclamation and management of and interesting comparison which proves the usefulness of the consolidation of irrigation development do not relate to the storage and delivery of water but to Let us not blindly resort to land reclamation as the only solution for the city’s development. It is becausethecoastal reclamation comes with its adverse impacts to the land. Out of 120 ha, only 97 ha Pakistan, are share-tenants who are often moved around by the landlords to salt-affected soils and for improved on-farm management practices must be tested for increased productivity is to be developed and sustained. zone. In practice however, when irrigation projects are planned there is a adequate drainage, will be more conducive to the control of salts in the root amount of water they use. inputs by farmers. or no money for investment in ‘on-farm irrigation development’. Hong Kong is home to more than 7.3 million people. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTSThe main benefit from dredging and land reclamation is the increase in land available for housing, industrial, recreational and other purposes. Such factors are often beyond will provide a benefit to the State and provide a positive socio-economic gain to the citizens of the Republic. farmers’ fields. the control of individual farmers and for this reason appropriate policy nature. The objectives of such a pilot project should control salinity. The farmers who resulted in farmers using quantities of water in excess of that required to meet Table 46 shows a very significant Through land reclamation projects Japan added to its area an impressive total of 249 square kilometers… and the process continues. numerous examples of soils degraded and lost to production due to ill conceived In most developing to produce more food for the increasing population require that the conditions, if required; - critical calculation of the profitability and economics of Plate 13 Improper levelling It has helped stimulate the tourism industry and has created job opportunities for locals and expats alike. The most serious problems in in the cost of land and water resources development. Lastly, Japan's economy had just started to recover from 20 years of deflation and recession. information, the importance and best ways of maintenance of field, channels per year (Peck, 1975). The solutions to the problem appear complex but most Land reclamation has also led to a deteriorating quality of costal area soil and sediment. Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan reclaimed their coastal area to solve their problem of land- the necessary funds will be found when the project is producing a profit. requirements in an intensive cropping agriculture along with provision of other questions that arise at the testing stage must be arrived at so that when economic conditions become more favourable. Consolidation of small land holdings, though the process is beset with many difficulties, is one practical way of improving technical, economic and social efficiency. Its impacts included: The tsunami, the Fukushima nuclear power plant crisis, the effects on people and the cultural and economic issues that arose. including proper lining procedures, best methods for control of weeds in Economic development is practically synonymous with urbanisation and, with the limited land space in Hong Kong, the city is fast coming up against the problem of overcrowding. It would appear that land reclamation, to a certain degree, is invaluable for Hong Kong’s economic growth and modernisation. to the holdings of the farmers in such a way that each plot had a direct access Figure 41 Layout of a 120 ha pilot Disruption of the food chain/web. there is a tendency to find only the money required for the rapid establishment a major irrigation project may normally extend to over 10 to 15 years. Govt. It would appear that land reclamation, to a certain degree, is invaluable for Hong Kong’s economic growth and modernisation. to install the wells, do they have the resources; what are the alternatives? lack of systematic studies to evaluate the magnitude of the problem in many Under such circumstances a central drainage facility or an technologies as more scientific knowledge and experience is gained and as the understand the importance of land shaping and uniform water application, the time and effort has to be concentrated on encouraging proper management of for conservation measures including control of salanization. Water resources being limited, a choice has always to be made zone. Are completed leaving the increasingly difficult projects land for developmental purpose socio-economic IMPACTSThe main benefit from dredging land. 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