147:5; Rev. It appeared three generations after the Heidelberg Catechism, and thus reflected developments in Reformed theology during the intervening years. A. 81:10-11; Rom. 84. Q. Q. Q. Which is the ninth commandment? The assembly also produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Westminster Larger Catechism. The fifth commandment forbiddeth the neglecting of, or doing anything against, the honor and duty which belongeth to every one in their several places and relations. A. Q. 11. 33. 26:38; Luke 1:27, 31, 35, 42; Gal. A. John Calvin's Genevan Catechism was especially influential among the British Reformed. 87. 24. The fourth commandment forbiddeth the omission, or careless performance, of the duties required, and the profaning the day by idleness, or doing that which is in itself sinful, or by unnecessary thoughts, words, or works, about our worldly employments or recreations. 102. A. God’s works of providence are, his most holy, wise, and powerful preserving and governing all his creatures, and all their actions. The result was published that same year, and the Gaelic Shorter Catechism continued to play a part in church life for decades after it had ceased to be used in the English speaking churches. Q. 11:36; Ps. Westminster Shorter Catechism Main Menu. A. A. 39. Acts 20:21; Prov. Q. 1:9. 98. 1. Q. What do we pray for in the sixth petition? Our first parents, being left to the freedom of their own will, fell from the estate wherein they were created, by sinning against God. The Westminster Shorter Catechism is a catechism written by the Westminster Assembly, a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland. The sin whereby our first parents fell from the estate wherein they were created, was their eating the forbidden fruit. The first commandment requireth us to know and acknowledge God to be the only true God, and our God, and to worship and glorify him accordingly. 13:5; 1 Tim. 1:3; Ps. The third commandment forbiddeth all profaning or abusing of anything whereby God maketh himself known. 52. 92. Q. 21. Who is the Redeemer of God’s elect? 104:24; Isa. Catechisms are doctrinal manuals often in the form of questions followed by answers to be memorised. In 1675, the Presbyterian Thomas Vincent in London published a popular exposition called The Shorter Catechism Explained. What is required to the worthy receiving of the Lord’s Supper? What are the decrees of God? A. At the resurrection, believers, being raised up to glory, shall be openly acknowledged and acquitted in the day of judgment, and made perfectly blessed in the full enjoying of God to all eternity. 24. 61. Faith in Jesus Christ is a saving grace, whereby we receive and rest upon him alone for salvation, as he is offered to us in the gospel. 3:2-13. 7:11; Isa. 1:13-14; John 6:37, 39; Eph. A. In the fourth petition, which is, Give us this day our daily bread,” we pray, that of God’s free gift we may receive a competent portion of the good things of this life, and enjoy his blessing with them. What doth the preface of the Lord’s Prayer teach us? They that are effectually called do in this life partake of justification, adoption, sanctification, and the several benefits which, in this life, do either accompany or flow from them. 10:31, Rom. 32:5-6; Dan. What do we pray for in the third petition? 5:12, 19; Rom. Q. 71. 45. A. 2:8; Eph. What is the duty which God requireth of man? 23:20-21; Prov. The only minor drawback is that Bible citations are not from English Standard Version (ESV) but from what it appears to be KJV. 78. Q. 10:5; Matt. Q. What is required in the fifth commandment? 63. No mere man since the fall is able in this life perfectly to keep the commandments of God, but doth daily break them in thought, word, and deed. 4:6. The decrees of God are, his eternal purpose, according to the counsel of his will, whereby, for his own glory, he hath foreordained whatsoever comes 76. Q. A. A. Baptism is a Sacrament, wherein the washing with water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, doth signify and seal our ingrafting into Christ, and partaking of the benefits of the covenant of grace, and our engagement to be the Lord’s. A. 12:1-13. [6] It was passed Parliament 22–25 September[7] and ordered to be printed with the title The Grounds and Principles of Religion Contained in a Shorter Catechism. A. 100. 119:36; Matt. How did God create man? 12. 3:14; Ps. What is required in the tenth commandment? 10:39; John 1:12; Isa. The seventh commandment requireth the preservation of our own and our neighbor’s chastity, in heart, speech, and behaviour. 2:8-11. 91. Are there more Gods than one? The fifth commandment is, Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. // . 2:1-5; Prov. A. Man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever. What rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him? Hopefully others in the world will follow in the footsteps of Christians and begin to treat everyone with respect and equality.” The previously published catechisms of James Ussher and John Ball, as well as the theology of William Perkins were also relied upon,[4] however many of the similarities between the Assembly's Shorter Catechism and earlier ones may be explained by the common theological vocabulary of the time. Which is the second commandment? Answer: Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever. Some sins in themselves, and by reason of several aggravations, are more heinous in the sight of God than others. What is a Sacrament? 1:5. Q. 32:1-2; 1 Cor. Q. What is forbidden in the fourth commandment? How doth Christ execute the office of a priest? Luke 2:7; Gal. 54. How doth Christ execute the office of a king? Wherein consisteth Christ’s exaltation? Neh. 94. 20:8, 10; Ex. Catechesis is a practice of teaching the Christian faith. Q. What do we pray for in the fourth petition? 8:8; 1 Cor. Q. 95. What is forbidden in the fifth commandment? The Sacraments become effectual means of salvation, not from any virtue in them, or in him that doth administer them; but only by the blessing of Christ, and the working of his Spirit in them that by faith receive them. Did all mankind fall in Adam’s first transgression? How doth Christ execute the office of a prophet? 65. Q. 138:1-2; Job 36:24. The committee also decided to wait until the completion of the Confession of Faith, and to base the catechisms off this document rather than the Apostles' Creed. A. Question 1: What is the chief end of man? Q. 1 Tim. Our ‘chief end’ really is to glorify God and enjoy him forever. 3:11; 1 Cor. Man’ s chief end is to glorify God, (1 Cor. 58. 1. Q. Acts 8:36-37; Acts 2:38-39; Gen. 17:10 with Col. 2:11-12; 1 Cor. What is the chief end of man? What is forbidden in the third commandment? The sixth commandment is, Thou shalt not kill. A. Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever. Q. Q. The preface to the ten commandments is in these words, I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Q. Q. Westminster Shorter Catechism (1647 AD) Q. The tenth commandment is, Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife, nor his man-servant, nor his maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor’s. A. 2:10; Ps. A. Sanctification is the work of God’s free grace, whereby we are renewed in the whole man after the image of God, and are enabled more and more to die unto sin, and live unto righteousness. 12:15; 1 Tim. The sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell, consists in the guilt of Adam’s first sin, the want of original righteousness, and the corruption of his whole nature, which is commonly called original sin; together with all actual transgressions which proceed from it. Adoption is an act of God’s free grace, whereby we are received into the number, and have a right to all the privileges, of the sons of God. Heb. 48. 1. Q. What doth every sin deserve? 31:18-19; Ezek. What doth the conclusion of the Lord’s Prayer teach us? Q. 5:7-8. Q. 51:1-2, 7, 9; Dan. A. 68:4; Rev. Q. A. Q. 1. The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed confession of faith.Drawn up by the 1646 Westminster Assembly as part of the Westminster Standards to be a confession of the Church of England, it became and remains the "subordinate standard" of doctrine in the Church of Scotland and has been influential within Presbyterian churches worldwide.. [b] … Questions 21-38 concern Christ the Redeemer and the benefits that flow from redemption. Presbyterian manual of basic religious instruction, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Shorter_Catechism&oldid=999304193, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 14:20. 25:23; Matt. 6:23; Matt. Ezek. Shorter Catechism Q. 7:14. 13:12; 1 Thess. Q. 25:35; Deut. 1:10-12; John 15:15; John 20:31. Eph. 15:4; Mark 16:19; Eph. 6:9; Rom. The covenant being made with Adam, not only for himself, but for his posterity; all mankind, descending from him by ordinary generation, sinned in him, and fell with him in his first transgression. What do we pray for in the first petition? Westminster Shorter Catechism For Kids: Workbook Eight: The Lord's Prayer. 13:15-19, 21-22; Luke 4:16; Acts 20:7; Ps. The third commandment requireth the holy and reverent use of God’s names, titles, attributes, ordinances, word, and works. A. New converts to Christianity were taught through lectures during the first four centuries of the Church's existence, but this practice was largely abandoned with the rise of Christendom. A. 64. 9:4-9, 16-19; 1 Chr 29:10-13; 1 Cor. The most famous of the questions (known to a great many Presbyterian children) is the first: Q. How did Christ, being the Son of God, become man? The fourth commandment requireth the keeping holy to God such set times as he hath appointed in his Word; expressly one whole day in seven, to be a holy Sabbath to himself. What is forbidden in the ninth commandment? 13:9; Deut. The fall brought mankind into an estate of sin and misery. Q. In the first petition, which is, Hallowed be thy name,” we pray, that God would enable us, and others, to glorify him in all that whereby he maketh himself known, and that he would dispose all things to his own glory. Ex. 4:4-5. 7 Steps to Independent Learning; Homeschool Grammar Curriculum; What is a Charlotte Mason Curriculum? 22. A. Q. 103. [citation needed] The Free Church of Scotland still presents a Bible to a child who can answer all 107 questions accurately at one sitting. What is sanctification? That the Word may become effectual to salvation, we must attend thereunto with diligence, preparation, and prayer; receive it with faith and love, lay it up in our hearts, and practice it in our lives. What is forbidden in the first commandment? Q. When the Solemn League and Covenant was as a result signed between the English and Scots the Assembly's work also became the framing of "four points or parts of uniformity": a Confession of Faith, Form of Church Government, Directory for Worship, and Catechizing. A. A. A Sacrament is a holy ordinance instituted by Christ; wherein, by sensible signs, Christ and the benefits of the new covenant are represented, sealed, and applied to believers. Q. A. What is the chief end of man? Q. A. Q. A. On November 15th the Catechism was read as far as the fourth commandment and was ordered to be transcribed. Which is the third commandment? 13:4-7. 3:15-17; Rom. The Lord’s Supper is a Sacrament, wherein, by giving and receiving bread and wine, according to Christ’s appointment, his death is showed forth; and the worthy receivers are, not after a corporal and carnal manner, but by faith, made partakers of his body and blood, with all his benefits, to their spiritual nourishment and growth in grace. Q. 2:16. 99. Q. 103:20-21. Westminster Shorter Catechism Copybooks; Elementary Spanish Curriculum: The Fun Spanish; A New Kind of Scripture Memory System. 9:17-19; Luke 11:4; Matt. The next set of questions, 39-84, discuss the Ten Commandments. Q. 1:14-15; Matt. What is God? 40. The sixth commandment forbiddeth the taking away of our own life, or the life of our neighbor unjustly, or whatsoever tendeth thereunto. This organization mimics the earlier Heidelberg Catechism used by many Continental Reformed churches. Prov. A. 2. Wherein did Christ’s humiliation consist? 1 Sam. 55. The Evangelical Presbyterian Church adopted The Westminster Shorter Catechism (An Authentic Modern Version) published by Summertown Texts. 81. The catechism is composed of 107 questions and answers. What is required in the sixth commandment? Q. Q. What do we pray for in the second petition? The moral law is summarily comprehended in the ten commandments. The only Redeemer of God’s elect is the Lord Jesus Christ, who, being the eternal Son of God, became man, and so was, and continueth to be, God and man in two distinct natures, and one person, for ever. 29:2. 7:24-25. 4:4; Rom. Q. Rom. The Westminster Shorter Catechism The original text of 1647, with the Assembly’s proof texts. Eph. 85. Question 2: What rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him? Sin is any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, the law of God. 5:26; Jas. A. What doth God require of us, that we may escape his wrath and curse, due to us for sin? 10:31; Rom. Westminster Shorter Catechism Q. In the third petition, which is, Thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven,” we pray, that God, by his grace, would make us able and willing to know, obey, and submit to his will in all things, as the angels do in heaven. A. 56. 78:17, 32, 56. E-book. Q. What is required in the seventh commandment? 4. 90:2; Jas. What is required in the eighth commandment? 12:10-11; 2 Thess. 4:2; 2 Thess. The work of creation is, God’s making all things of nothing, by the word of his power, in the space of six days, and all very good. Q. 1-5 | 6-10 | 11-15 | 16-20 | 21-25 | 26-30 | 31-35 | 36-40 | 41-45 | 46-50 | 51-55 | 56-60 | 61-65 | 66-70 | 71-75 | 76-80 | 81-85 | 86-90 | 91-95 | 96-100 | 101-107. The eighth commandment forbiddeth whatsoever doth, or may, unjustly hinder our own, or our neighbor’s, wealth, or outward estate. God created man male and female, after his own image, in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness, with dominion over the creatures. A. Q. 26:39; 2 Sam. A. 5:5-7; Heb. What is forbidden in the eighth commandment? 1:23; Luke 23:43; 1 Thess. 21:5; Ps. A. 49. Acts 15:14-16; Isa. How many persons are there in the Godhead? 3:9; Gal. Heb. The Westminster Shorter Catechism is a catechism written in 1646 and 1647 by the Westminster Assembly, a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland. 15. Which is the fifth commandment? Q. Q. 11:36) and to enjoy him for ever. It appears that this idea was abandoned by the committee assigned to the catechism after some work in 1645, followed by another failed attempt at a single catechism from the Summer of 1646 to 14 January 1647. Westminster Shorter Catechism. The first commandment is, Thou shalt have no other gods before me. Are all transgressions of the law equally heinous? A. Justification is an act of God’s free grace, wherein he pardoneth all our sins, and accepteth us as righteous in his sight, only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone. Q. It required that a Sabbath afternoon session be set aside for examination of young children in catechism, and this practice eventually was adopted in the Kirk. Q. 2:8; 1 Cor. 93. How is the Word to be read and heard, that it may become effectual to salvation? A. What rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him? What is the chief end of man? 6:6; Job 31:29; Rom. 'A Pilgrim's Progress: From the Westminster Shorter Catechism to Naturalistic Pantheism', American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 23.2: 154-72. A. In the fifth petition, which is, And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors,” we pray, that God, for Christ’s sake, would freely pardon all our sins; which we are the rather encouraged to ask, because by his grace we are enabled from the heart to forgive others. 23:38; Jer. The benefits which in this life do accompany or flow from justification, adoption, and sanctification, are, assurance of God’s love, peace of conscience, joy in the Holy Ghost, increase of grace, and perseverance therein to the end. [6] The Catechism is in a question and answer format, which had been popularized by Martin Luther as a way to help children learn the meaning of the material, rather than simply memorizing the Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments, and Apostles' Creed as had been the practice prior to the Reformation.[9]. WESTMINSTER SHORTER CATECHISM WITH PROOF TEXTS. What benefits do believers receive from Christ at death? 4:15; Heb. How do the Sacraments become effectual means of salvation? What are the outward and ordinary means whereby Christ communicateth to us the benefits of redemption? westminster shorter catechism; agreed upon by the assembly of divines at westminster, with the assistance of commissioners from the church of scotland, as a part of the covenanted uniformity in religion betwixt the churches of christ in the kingdoms of scotland, england, and ireland. 3:22; Jer. 28:19; Eph. The Westminster Shorter Catechism Songs, Volume 4, Q&A 86-107 (Audio CD) $6.00 40% OFF The Westminster Shorter Catechism Songs, Volume 3, Q&A 57-85 (Audio CD) and 5:1, 6, 8; Phil. To whom is Baptism to be administered? Qs 1-38 Our Doctrine; Qs 39-107 Our Duty; About Menu Toggle. 53. 46. 2:13; Eph. The second commandment forbiddeth the worshipping of God by images, or any other way not appointed in his Word. A. The first commandment forbiddeth the denying, or not worshipping and glorifying, the true God as God, and our God; and the giving of that worship and glory to any other, which is due to him alone. 4:28. 73. The ninth commandment requireth the maintaining and promoting of truth between man and man, and of our own and our neighbor’s good name, especially in witness bearing. 11:31; 1 Cor. Into what estate did the fall bring mankind? 14:16; Rev. Q. 145:17; Ps. 92 title; Isa. 83. 3:21; Matt. 4:6-8; 2 Cor. A. Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever. 2:12, 17, 22, 29; 1 Sam. Q. What is the sum of the ten commandments? 26:3-4; Phil. Heb. 119:18; Heb. 1 Kings 21:4; Esther 5:13; 1 Cor. 3:6-7; 1 Cor. These words, before me,” in the first commandment teach us, that God, who seeth all things, taketh notice of, and is much displeased with, the sin of having any other God. 12:2-3; Isa. The Westminster Shorter Catechism arose out of quite different circumstances. A. 8:6, 13, 15; 1 John 5:16; Ps. 77. Ecc. 74. 20. 14. 16:25-28; Neh. Q. 66:23; Matt. A. 16. 97. 8:33-36; Isa. The preface of the Lord’s Prayer, which is, Our Father which art in heaven,” teacheth us to draw near to God with all holy reverence and confidence, as children to a father, able and ready to help us; and that we should pray with and for others. Q. 2 Thess. 3:10; Lam. Q. Q. What do the Scriptures principally teach? Q. What benefits do they that are effectually called partake of in this life? Ps. 3:14, 16; Rom. A. The Shorter Catechism was completed on or before November 25, 1647. 4:8; 15:4; Ex. A. Christ, the Son of God, became man, by taking to himself a true body and a reasonable soul, being conceived by the power of the Holy Ghost, in the womb of the Virgin Mary, and born of her, yet without sin. The outward and ordinary means whereby Christ communicateth to us the benefits of redemption are, his ordinances, especially the Word, Sacraments, and prayer; all which are made effectual to the elect for salvation. Articles. Each question is followed by lengthy explanation and scriptural proofs. A. 8:34; 1 Pet. What is the chief end of man? 68. 1 Chr 28:9; Deut. 22. 7:25; Ps. Q. The seventh commandment is, Thou shalt not commit adultery. Job 19:26-27. The fourth commandment is, Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. How is the Sabbath to be sanctified? A. Wherein consists the sinfulness of that estate whereinto man fell? The tenth commandment forbiddeth all discontentment with our own estate, envying or grieving at the good of our neighbor, and all inordinate motions and affections to anything that is his. 10:10; Gal. Did our first parents continue in the estate wherein they were created? 3:9. Man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever. Gen. 3:8, 10, 24; Eph. What covenant did God make with Adam? The ninth commandment is, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. [1], On John Knox's return to Scotland after long exile because he was deemed by the authorities a heretic, the First Book of Discipline (1560) was drafted. 106. A. 2:5-6; John 1:14; Gal. 2:2-3; Gal. [8] The Church of Scotland approved it in July 1648, and it passed the Scottish Parliament in February of the next year. 12:31-32. Q. [6], The purpose of the Shorter Catechism is to educate children and others "of weaker capacity" (according to a preface written by the Church of Scotland) in the Reformed faith. Q. The Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention published two catechisms: the first by J. P. Boyce, A Brief Catechism of Bible Doctrine (1864) and the second by John A. Broadus (1892). There is but one only, the living and true God. $14.95. However, because a significant portion of the Scottish Highland population spoke only Gaelic, the Synod of Argyll in 1649 instructed seven of its ministers to translate the Westminster Shorter Catechism into that language. 0 0 5 Author: Westminster Divines. Matt. Westminster Shorter Catechism Project This project, sponsored by the Bible Presbyterian Church Online, was started in November of 1997, about 350 years after the Westminster Confession and Catechisms were written (1642-1647). Acts 3:21-22; Heb. Ps. Free shipping. 103:19; Matt. A. 9. Free shipping. Westminster Assembly Divines in ePub, .mobi &.pdf formats. Download Sinclair Ferguson reading the WSC for free. At this point, the committee decided that it would need to produce two catechisms rather than one, as the needs of ministers and children were very different. Q. A. It was one of the documents produced by the Assembly of Divines who met at Westminster from 1643 to 1648. 4:18; 1 John 5:13; 1 Pet. What special act of providence did God exercise toward man in the estate wherein he was created? 73:25-28. 22:26; Amos 8:5; Mal. Prov. Which is the sixth commandment? 73:25–28) Question 2 What rule hath God given to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy him? Q. A. A. 59. 22:1-5; Ex. 3:39; Matt. 5:10-20; Eph. 1 Pet. 4:11. 3:1; Rom. 42. What is forbidden in the second commandment? Which is the first commandment? Q. What are the reasons annexed to the second commandment? 6:10; Ps. Which is the tenth commandment? A. A. 6. 62:8; 1 John 5:14; John 16:23; Ps. A. The EPC Second Edition, including Scripture references in the text, is available as part of The Westminster Confession and Catechisms in Modern English, which may be ordered from the Office of the General Assembly. For centuries, Baptists, Congregationalists, the Reformed and Presbyterians, have all drawn strength from the theology of the Westminster Standards. A. 7:20; 1 John 1:8, 10; Gal. 72. A. A. Matt. 55:3. The Spirit applieth to us the redemption purchased by Christ, by working faith in us, and thereby uniting us to Christ in our effectual calling. Q. 1 John 5:14; Matt. What is forbidden in the tenth commandment? The ninth commandment forbiddeth whatsoever is prejudicial to truth, or injurious to our own or our neighbor’s good name. A. Which is the fourth commandment? 22:20-21. 5:17; Gen. 6:5; Gen. 8:21; Rom. 3:17; 1 Cor. Ps. What is justification? In the second petition, which is, Thy kingdom come,” we pray, that Satan’s kingdom may be destroyed; and that the kingdom of grace may be advanced, ourselves and others brought into it, and kept in it; and that the kingdom of glory may be hastened. Rom. 66. God having, out of his mere good pleasure, from all eternity, elected some to everlasting life, did enter into a covenant of grace, to deliver them out of the estate of sin and misery, and to bring them into an estate of salvation by a Redeemer. 35. [3], Anthony Tuckney is believed to be the most influential of the committee members on the Catechism. It was only six days earlier that Samuel Rutherford took his leave of the Assembly. 75. Q. A. A. 5:19, 21; Rom. 29. What are the reasons annexed to the fourth commandment? A. Q. 34. 27. The Westminster Shorter Catechism is a catechism written in 1646 and 1647 by the Westminster Assembly, a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with … [citation needed], In 1643, the Westminster Assembly, which was designed to bring the two national churches into greater conformity, was convened at the height of the English Civil War to reform the Church of England. Q. A. The eighth commandment requireth the lawful procuring and furthering the wealth and outward estate of ourselves and others. A. Q. Q. Q. Q. 5:8; Lev. 32:5, 8; Deut. 3:13; Deut. Q. Question 1 What is the chief end of man? 23. What are we specially taught by these words, before me,” in the first commandment? 8:1. Scripture citations were added on 14 April 1648. When God had created man, he entered into a covenant of life with him, upon condition of perfect obedience; forbidding him to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, upon the pain of death. The final set of questions, 98-107, teach and explain the Lord's prayer. 89. The Westminster Shorter Catechism is a catechism written in 1646 and 1647 by the Westminster Assembly, a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland. Anything whereby God maketh himself known brought mankind into an estate of ourselves and others Remember the day. 1643 to 1648 law of God appointed in his Word transgression of, the living true... 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