William Tecumseh Sherman’s March to the Sea devastated the South, as Sherman pruned the Old-South myth of magnolia splendor to a stump. Sherman's "March to the Sea" followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. Gen. Kilpatrick's, killing one, wounding two and capturing 18. Abandoning Atlanta's railhead and telegraph lines was a high-risk operation. Sherman himself estimated that the campaign had inflicted $100 million (about $1.6 billion in 2020 dollars)[22] in destruction, about one fifth of which "inured to our advantage" while the "remainder is simple waste and destruction". But what next? These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the "40 acres and a mule" promise. On September 1, 1864, Hood evacuated Atlanta and withdrew his Army of Tennessee. ", Mark E. Neely Jr, "Was the Civil War a Total War?. Compared to the 51,000 killed, wounded and missing at Gettysburg in the three days of fighting there or the 24,000 in the two days at Shiloh, the month-long March to the Sea was nearly bloodless. There were approximately 3,100 casualties, 2,100 of which were Union soldiers, and the countryside took years to recover. Union soldiers sang many songs during the March, but it is one written afterward that has come to symbolize the campaign: "Marching Through Georgia", written by Henry Clay Work in 1865. Maj. Gen. Gustavus W. Smith's Georgia militia had about 3,050 soldiers, most of whom were boys and elderly men. In planning for the march, Sherman used livestock and crop production data from the 1860 census to lead his troops through areas where he believed they would be able to forage most effectively. Geary telegraphed Sherman, who advised him to accept the offer. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude land mines that were used only rarely in the war. Slocum's wing, accompanied by Sherman, moved to the east, in the direction of Augusta. The documentary I saw showed the Home Guard, made up of wounded soldiers, boys, and old men, being mowed down. The Cavalry Corps of Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, reinforced by a brigade under Brig. According to historian Jacqueline Campbell, the enslaved people often felt betrayed, as they “suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops.” A Confederate officer cited by Campbell estimated that of some 10,000 enslaved people who trailed along with Sherman’s armies, hundreds died of “hunger, disease, or exposure,” as the Union officers took no actions to help them, (Campbell 2003). Ohioan William Tecumseh Sherman, a general in the Union army during the American Civil War, is best known for his March to the Sea. The next morning, Savannah Mayor Richard Dennis Arnold, with a delegation of aldermen and ladies of the city, rode out (until they were unhorsed by fleeing Confederate cavalrymen) to offer a proposition: The city would surrender and offer no resistance, in exchange for General Geary's promise to protect the city's citizens and their property. done with more spirit, or in better harmony of time and place. On December 20, he led his men across the Savannah River on a makeshift pontoon bridge. They destroyed the bridge across the Oconee River and then turned south.[11]. This page was last edited on 13 December 2020, at 06:23. Foragers rode off in all directions, confiscating cows, pigs, and chickens from the scattered farms. During the campaign, the Confederate War Department brought in additional men from Florida and the Carolinas, but they never were able to increase their effective force beyond 13,000.[8]. Poe directly supervised the destruction of all buildings and structures in Atlanta that could be of any military value to the Confederates once Sherman abandoned the city.
They sustained themselves by taking what they needed or wanted, pillaging chickens, cows, vegetables, and horses and wagons. His forces followed a "scorched earth" policy, destroying military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property, disrupting the Confederacy's economy and transportation networks. The purpose of this “March to the Sea” was to frighten Georgia’s civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. He humiliated Southerners and became a scapegoat of Southern wrath, the one to blame for what became of the Confederacy - from Reconstruction’s failures, a regional malaise in … Poe oversaw the burning of Atlanta, for which action he was honored by Sherman. Sherman came to dislike the song, in part because he was never one to rejoice over a fallen foe, and in part because it was played at almost every public appearance that he attended. The march was made easier by able assistants such as Orlando Metcalfe Poe, chief of the bridge building and demolition team. The following is an excerpt from the general's orders: ... IV. The real damage was done to the city of Atlanta and the Georgian countryside where over 300 miles of railroad tracks were destroyed along with $100 million worth of property. It was a campaign launched to make clear to the women, children and elderly of the South that the North could and would General Sherman’s March to the Sea, also known as the Savannah Campaign, was conducted through Georgia from November 15 to December 21, 1864. Sherman's decision to operate deep within enemy territory and without supply lines is considered to be one of the major campaigns of the war, and is considered by some historians to be an early example of modern total war. Johnson's commitment to the Union, and Lincoln's desire for a nonpartisan, pro-war ticket, persuaded Lincoln to support Johnson for VP on the Union Party ticket in the 1864 election. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=993929872, Campaigns of the Western Theater of the American Civil War, Military operations of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Behind us lay Atlanta, smouldering and in ruins, the black smoke rising high in air, and hanging like a pall over the ruined city. Smith's 1,500 Georgia militiamen, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Grahamville Station, South Carolina. Confederate Maj. Gen. Wheeler's cavalry struck Brig. He had defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. Sherman's personal escort on the march was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. (However, Poe was incensed at the level of uncontrolled arson by marauding soldiers not of his unit which resulted in heavy damage to civilian homes. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Welch, Robert Christopher. [16], From Savannah, after a month-long delay for rest, Sherman marched north in the spring through the Carolinas, intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. According to Sherman’s own estimates, his armies seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 head of cattle in addition to confiscating 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of livestock fodder. Sherman's 60,000 soldiers would have to march quickly. There were only a few Confederate cavalry and Georgia militia to oppose him. For the Savannah Campaign, Sherman's remaining force of 62,000 men (55,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry, and 2,000 artillerymen manning 64 guns) was divided into two columns for the march:[1], The Confederate opposition from Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee's Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida was meager. I suppose it will be safer if I leave General Grant and yourself to decide. The operation broke the back of the Confederacy and helped lead to its eventual surrender. 120 he laid out the rules of destruction and conduct for the march. Rhodes, James Ford. General William Tecumseh Sherman remains famous – or infamous – for his “March to the Sea.” He has been regarded by many Southerners as a horrendous villain of the Civil War. So on Nov. 15, 1864, Sherman’s army set out from Atlanta on its infamous March to the Sea, cutting a swath of destruction toward Savannah on the coast. )[citation needed] He served in this capacity past the fall of Atlanta to the end of the war. Thousands who had been deceived by their lying papers into the belief that we were being whipped all the time, realized the truth, and have no appetite for a repetition of the same experience. In early October, Hood moved north of Atlanta to destroy Sherman's rail lines, invade Tennessee and Kentucky, and draw the Union Forces away from Georgia. [4] Sherman therefore planned an operation that has been compared to the modern principles of scorched earth warfare. [19] Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies. He is the author of "The Everything American Presidents Book" and "Colonial Life: Government. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, Burning Atlanta and the Start of the March, American Civil War: Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Civil War: Andersonville Prison Camp, American Civil War: Major General George H. Thomas, Sherman's March to the Sea in the American Civil War, American Civil War : War in the West, 1863-1865, American Civil War: General William T. Sherman, American Civil War: Major General John Buford, American Civil War: Major General John C. Frémont, American Civil War: Major General Carl Schurz, American Civil War: Major General Patrick Cleburne, American Civil War: Battle of Bentonville, American Civil War: Battle of Jonesboro (Jonesborough), American Civil War: General Joseph E. Johnston, American Civil War: Major General Joseph Wheeler, American Civil War: Lieutenant General John Bell Hood, "'We Have Surely Done a Big Work': The Diary of a Hoosier Soldier on Sherman's 'March to the Sea. At the same time, Slocum's left wing approached the state capital at Milledgeville, prompting the hasty departure of Governor Joseph Brown and the state legislature. On the 15th of November, Sherman left Atlanta in flames and turned his army east. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army. SHERMAN’S MARCH From November 15 until December 21, 1864, Union General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. VII. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlantaon November 15 and ended with the capture of th… It confiscated 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of fodder, and destroyed uncounted cotton gins and mills. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my army—burning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war. [6] The twisted and broken railroad rails that the troops heated over fires and wrapped around tree trunks and left behind became known as "Sherman's neckties". Sherman's march to the sea brought the Civil War home to Southern … The 360-mile march extended from Atlanta in central Georgia to Savannah on the Atlantic coast and lasted from November 12 to December 22, 1864. While thousands viewed Sherman as a great liberator and followed his armies to Savannah, others complained of suffering from the Union army’s invasive tactics. ", "Scalawags and Scoundrels? Kilpatrick abandoned his plans to destroy the railroad bridge and he also learned that the prisoners had been moved from Camp Lawton, so he rejoined the army at Louisville. "[24] David J. Eicher wrote that "Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. Several small actions followed. Learn shermans march with free interactive flashcards. More Union troops entered the campaign from an unlikely direction. [23] Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones cited the significant damage wrought to railroads and Southern logistics in the campaign and stated that "Sherman's raid succeeded in 'knocking the Confederate war effort to pieces'. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. He argues: Military campaign during the American Civil War. ", John Bennett Walters, "General William T. Sherman and total war. This campaign was under the leadership of Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. Sherman’s so-called “scorched earth policies” remain controversial, with many Southerners still detesting his memory. Southern predictions that the Union forces would become lost or decimated by hunger and guerilla attacks were proven false. On December 4, Kilpatrick's cavalry routed Wheeler's at the Battle of Waynesboro. Sherman's march to the sea was followed by a similarly devastating march through the Carolinas early in 1865, but the … Sherman recounted in his memoirs the scene when he left at 7 a.m. the following day: ... We rode out of Atlanta by the Decatur road, filled by the marching troops and wagons of the Fourteenth Corps; and reaching the hill, just outside of the old rebel works, we naturally paused to look back upon the scenes of our past battles. [21] The Army wrecked 300 miles (480 km) of railroad and numerous bridges and miles of telegraph lines. I know that this recent movement of mine through Georgia has had a wonderful effect in this respect. "Forage Liberally: The Role of Agriculture in Sherman's March to the Sea." There was almost no opposition. By moving in Lee's rear, Sherman could possibly increase pressure on Lee, allowing Grant the opportunity to break through, or at least keep Southern reinforcements away from Virginia. Sherman was convinced that nothing short of bringing war to the homes of Confederate civilians could change Southern attitudes about "fighting to the death," and he had been considering this tactic for years. '", "Sherman's March Through Georgia: A Reappraisal of the Right Wing. [21], The March to the Sea was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy. ", Millen - December 2, an attempt to free Union prisoners. Away off in the distance, on the McDonough road, was the rear of Howard's column, the gun-barrels glistening in the sun, the white-topped wagons stretching away to the south; and right before us the Fourteenth Corps, marching steadily and rapidly, with a cheery look and swinging pace, that made light of the thousand miles that lay between us and Richmond. Sherman thought the Confederates would likely fortify and defend both cities, so he planned to drive his army southeast between them, destroying the Macon-Savannah Railroad along his way to occupy Savannah. to the Sea, the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War (1861-65), began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864. [9] Still, Grant trusted Sherman's assessment and on November 2, 1864, he sent Sherman a telegram stating simply, "Go as you propose. Union general William T. Sherman abandoned his supply line and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean to prove to the … "[10] The 300-mile (480 km) march began on November 15. Early in the war, the North had maintained a conciliatory policy toward the south; there were, in fact, explicit orders to leave families enough to survive on. "[25], According to a 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research paper which sought to measure the medium- and long-term economic impact of Sherman's March, "the capital destruction induced by the March led to a large contraction in agricultural investment, farming asset prices, and manufacturing activity. Major General William T. Sherman's personal escort on the Sherman's March to the Sea was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. Sherman was blocked from linking up with the U.S. Navy as he had planned, so he dispatched cavalry to Fort McAllister, guarding the Ogeechee River, in hopes of unblocking his route and obtaining supplies awaiting him on the Navy ships. Casualties Of Shermans March To The Sea, Beautiful Sea, Casualties Of Shermans March To The Sea It is estimated that during the six-week March to the Sea fewer than 3,000 casualties resulted. On September 1, 1864, Sherman and his army captured Atlanta, Georgia, an important transportation center in … Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. Sherman, commanding the Military Division of the Mississippi, did not employ his entire army group in the campaign. It seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 head of cattle. Maj. Gen. John G. Foster dispatched 5,500 men and 10 guns under Brig. On November 23, Slocum's troops captured the city and held a mock legislative session in the capitol building, jokingly voting Georgia back into the Union.[12]. In 1864-65, U.S. soldiers under Sherman’s command marched through Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. 120, regarding the conduct of the campaign. Promoted by Sherman by two steps in rank to colonel after the fall of Savannah, he continued in that capacity in the war's concluding Carolinas Campaign as Sherman headed northwards from Savannah to link up with Grant and the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and to cut another swath through South and North Carolina. 15. Sherman's March to the Sea. Professor Anne J. Bailey of Georgia College and State University has called the March to the Sea the "most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War." At the Battle of Buck Head Creek on November 28, Kilpatrick was surprised and nearly captured, but the 5th Ohio Cavalry halted Wheeler's advance, and Wheeler was later stopped decisively by Union barricades at Reynolds's Plantation. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war. Elements of the decline in agriculture persisted through 1920."[26]. Kilpatrick was ordered to make a feint toward Augusta before destroying the railroad bridge at Brier Creek and moving to liberate the Camp Lawton prisoner of war camp at Millen. The Civil War ended five months after Sherman marched into Savannah. [27] It was widely popular among US soldiers of 20th-century wars. Other historical analysis however rejects the comparison. On May 9, a cavalry force of over 10,000 troopers with 32 artillery pieces rode to the southeast to move behind Lee's army, intending to disrupt Lee's supply lines by destroying railroad tracks and supplies, to distract General Lee by threatening … Gen. William H. Jackson, had approximately 10,000 troopers. Sherman swore to “make Georgia howl,” and in his Special Field Order No. While Howard's wing was delayed near Ball's Bluff, the 1st Alabama Cavalry (a Federal regiment) engaged Confederate pickets. Please make my grateful acknowledgments to your whole army, officers and men. The March to the Sea. Grant showed that destroying the enemy’s armed forces was another … They often felt betrayed, as they "suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops". Sherman’s March to the Sea: frightened Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman's March to the Sea took place from November 15 to December 22, 1864, during the American Civil War. ... From what I remember the actual civilian casualties numbered around 100. Such broad generalizations may assuage wounde… The two wings of the army attempted to confuse and deceive the enemy about their destinations; the Confederates could not tell from the initial movements whether Sherman would march on Macon, Augusta, or Savannah. [13], Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition and about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. Sherman left Chattanooga in May 1864 and captured the vital railroad and supply center of Atlanta. Eventually, Sherman left Major General George H. Thomas to chase Hood and returned to Atlanta to begin his march to Savannah. Nevin, David, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. According to Sherman's special field orders of November 9, 1865, his troops were to forage liberally in the country, each brigade commander organizing a party to gather resources as needed to keep at least ten days provisions for his commands. V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. Sherman's march to the sea was followed by a similarly devastating march through the Carolinas early in 1865, but the message to the South was clear. Appomattox: The Battle of Appomattox … The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. The link between Georgia's civilian farms and Sherman's March to the Sea was intimate. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance. It was, however, at a terrible price. Although his formal orders (excerpted below) specified control over destruction of infrastructure in areas in which his army was unmolested by guerrilla activity, he recognized that supplying an army through liberal foraging would have a destructive effect on the morale of the civilian population it encountered in its wide sweep through the state.[5]. Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign or simply Sherman's March) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The explicit plan was to cut the south in two. The campaign was designed by Grant and Sherman to be similar to Grant's innovative and successful Vicksburg Campaign and Sherman's Meridian Campaign, in that Sherman's armies would reduce their need for traditional supply lines by "living off the land" after consuming their 20 days of rations. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is yours; for I believe none of us went further than to acquiesce. [20] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. to the Sea, the Civil War's most destructive campaign against a civilian population, began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864. Hundreds of African Americans drowned trying to cross in Ebenezer Creek north of Savannah while trying to follow Sherman's Army in its March to the Sea. Sherman’s March to the Sea devastated Georgia and the Confederacy. Foragers, known as "bummers", would provide food seized from local farms for the Army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of Georgia. In the fall of 1864, the Union General William Tecumseh ("Cump") Sherman took 60,000 men and pillaged his way through Georgia's civilian farmsteads. On November 25–26 at Sandersville, Wheeler struck at Slocum's advance guard. 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And 10.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million of! Officers and men only a few Confederate cavalry and Georgia militia had about 3,050 soldiers, most of whom boys! Is an excerpt from the scattered farms supervise destruction of Confederate civilians less food they carried faster. A result, the rebels pushed their limits: there was No force available to obstruct Shermans soldiers in on. The Editors of Time-Life Books wage War plan was to frighten Georgia ’ s marched! So-Called “ scorched earth warfare he also continued to supervise destruction of Confederate infrastructure 's 1,500 Georgia,! In bringing the War by at least six months, at 06:23 `` and... Thoughtco uses cookies to provide you with a great success such as Orlando Metcalfe Poe, chief of South! Field orders No Lee 's army, besieged in Petersburg, Virginia showed that destroying the enemy s!
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